Other ancient mathematicians who contributed to the theory of the center of mass include Hero of Alexandria and Pappus of Alexandria. He developed mathematical techniques for finding the centers of mass of objects of uniform density of various well-defined shapes. In his work On Floating Bodies, Archimedes demonstrated that the orientation of a floating object is the one that makes its center of mass as low as possible. Archimedes showed that the torque exerted on a lever by weights resting at various points along the lever is the same as what it would be if all of the weights were moved to a single point-their center of mass. He worked with simplified assumptions about gravity that amount to a uniform field, thus arriving at the mathematical properties of what we now call the center of mass. The concept of center of gravity or weight was studied extensively by the ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse. 2.4 Systems with periodic boundary conditions.The center of mass frame is an inertial frame in which the center of mass of a system is at rest with respect to the origin of the coordinate system. In orbital mechanics, the equations of motion of planets are formulated as point masses located at the centers of mass. The center of mass is a useful reference point for calculations in mechanics that involve masses distributed in space, such as the linear and angular momentum of planetary bodies and rigid body dynamics. In the case of a distribution of separate bodies, such as the planets of the Solar System, the center of mass may not correspond to the position of any individual member of the system. The center of mass may be located outside the physical body, as is sometimes the case for hollow or open-shaped objects, such as a horseshoe. In the case of a single rigid body, the center of mass is fixed in relation to the body, and if the body has uniform density, it will be located at the centroid. In other words, the center of mass is the particle equivalent of a given object for application of Newton's laws of motion. It is a hypothetical point where the entire mass of an object may be assumed to be concentrated to visualise its motion. Calculations in mechanics are often simplified when formulated with respect to the center of mass. This is the point to which a force may be applied to cause a linear acceleration without an angular acceleration.

In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the balance point) is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero. This toy uses the principles of center of mass to keep balance when sitting on a finger.

Center of gravity method map